Our Stoney wall at Electric Street Tattoo: a Stoney St. Clair tribute sheet from Tattoo Flash Collective, next to a framed photo of Stoney in his shop.
Leonard "Stoney" St. Clair (1912–1980) was a circus sword swallower who became one of the great characters of American tattooing. He tattooed from a wheelchair, on the road with circuses and carnivals and later in his own shops, for more than 50 years. His Columbus, Ohio, shop called him "the Teacher of the Art."
He isn't as famous as Sailor Jerry. But if you love traditional tattooing, Stoney is worth knowing. His life is the old carnival road that our style came from.
Who was Stoney St. Clair?
Stoney was born Leonard L. St. Clair in West Virginia in 1912, in coal country. His grandfather and father worked in the mines.
At four he was struck by rheumatoid arthritis. He never walked again, and his growth was stunted. His father, who earned $2.50 a day, paid to send him to Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, where he stayed 24 months. That's where he learned to draw. He used up his stationery drawing circus wagons, one per sheet, and pasted them into a long parade.
Folklorist Alan Govenar, who knew him well, says Stoney could barely open his hands flat. He could still draw and paint, and later tattoo.
From sword swallower to tattooer
The circus was in the family. Stoney had an uncle in the business, and he wanted in.
His break came from a German sword swallower named Gretchen. She was fired from a show in Bluefield, West Virginia, about 30 miles from his home, heard his story and took him under her wing. In his telling, within three days she had a stove poker down his throat. He joined the show as a teenager, making $75 a week with three meals a day and a berth on the circus train.
Then the circus played Norfolk, Virginia. Stoney went into the shop of August "Cap" Coleman, one of the best-known tattooers of the day, and watched a man put an eagle on a sailor's back.
"I knew I could draw a better eagle than that," he said.
He borrowed a sheet of paper and drew one. Coleman asked how he'd learned. Stoney said he just picked it up. He came back every day the show was in town. On the last day, Coleman gave him two old machines and a few sheets of designs. Professor E.J. Miller, across the street, showed him how to cut a stencil with a phonograph needle and gave him black and red.
Vintage American tattoo flash from the same era, artist unknown. Not Stoney’s work. Smithsonian American Art Museum, public domain (CC0). Source: Smithsonian American Art Museum
Stoney practiced on grapefruits. Then he tattooed showmen behind the elephant barn. When the show's tattooer got into a fight with the sideshow boss and was run off, the boss put the kid on the platform: names and hearts, nothing complicated. He said he'd advertise for a new tattooer. He never did.
That was 1928. For the rest of his life, Stoney signed himself "Tattooist of the Old School since 1928."
Life on the road
For about 50 years Stoney tattooed with circuses and carnivals across the country. Between tattoos he ran snake shows. He worked them as an educational exhibit, he said: "no damn geek or wild man crap."
He crossed paths with the big names of the era. He spent two months working in Charlie Wagner's shop on the Bowery in New York to raise money to get to Florida. He carried daggers on his flash that he got from a tattooer called Sailor Catsy, who was killed by his own python at a small zoo below Tampa.
Vintage American tattoo flash from the same era, artist unknown. Not Stoney’s work. Smithsonian American Art Museum, public domain (CC0). Source: Smithsonian American Art Museum
He settled into shops too. He had a shop in Tampa, Florida. He tattooed in New Orleans, where he said a lot of his old material disappeared. His last shop was on High Street in Columbus, Ohio, under a sign reading "Stoney Knows How." He tattooed there until he died in Columbus in 1980.
Stoney's style and flash
Stoney was proud to be old school, and he could tell you what that meant.
"It's the shading, it's not the color," he said. You can use a minimum of color, but with real good shading it stands out. The old tattoos done with heavy shading, he said, still looked better on people 50 years later.
His walls were a record of American flash:
- Classic street designs: eagles, hearts, roses, daggers, bears, and names. Cover-ups of old girlfriends' names were steady work. "The only safe name to put on you is 'mom'," he said.
- Old designs passed down: some sheets, he said, came from an older tattooer named Grimshaw, and some, like the World War I Red Cross nurse called the "Rose of No Man's Land," went back generations.
- Cartoon characters: Barney Google, Happy Hooligan, the Katzenjammer Kids, and his own cartoon rats.
- Skulls: his skull sheets were shown alongside Bert Grimm's in a New York exhibition drawn from Lyle Tuttle's collection.
Vintage American tattoo flash from the same era, artist unknown. Not Stoney’s work. Smithsonian American Art Museum, public domain (CC0). Source: Smithsonian American Art Museum
One of his best-known sheets is a little devil with the line "This Little Devil Should Be Transfered to Heaven, He Has Served His Time in Hell."
Stoney's "This Little Devil" sheet, one of his best-known designs. Via Instagram, @stoneystclair_tribute (Stoney St. Clair tribute account).
Stoney's work was folk art in the truest sense. Rich Thomas, curator of the Ohio Tattoo Museum, has worked for years to keep Stoney's memory alive. He puts it this way: the same designs were done over and over in shop after shop, and each tattooer's own take is what made it folk art.
Vintage American tattoo flash from the same era, artist unknown. Not Stoney’s work. Smithsonian American Art Museum, public domain (CC0). Source: Smithsonian American Art Museum
Vintage American tattoo flash from the same era, artist unknown. Not Stoney’s work. Smithsonian American Art Museum, public domain (CC0). Source: Smithsonian American Art Museum
The museum holds real Stoney sheets, too. Tattooer Durb Morrison donated his 12 sheets of original Stoney flash for its grand opening.
Durb Morrison with the 12 framed sheets of original Stoney St. Clair flash he donated to the Ohio Tattoo Museum. Via Instagram, @durbmorrison.
He worked the old way. He showed the film crew how he dusted powdered charcoal into a scratched stencil, greased the skin and pressed the stencil down to leave a guide line. He also had a code. The sign in his shop said he worked "with intelligence and skill, wishing not to offend anyone, but instead with my love of mankind to do what good I can before I die."
When Stoney tattooed Ed Hardy
The best footage of Stoney is the scene where he tattoos Ed Hardy.
By then Hardy was already a big name. He had trained with Phil Sparrow, studied in Japan through Sailor Jerry's connections and was bringing Japanese style into American tattooing. He came to Columbus while Govenar was filming Stoney Knows How, and he asked Stoney for a souvenir tattoo.
He picked a cartoon rat off Stoney's wall, a "Columbus rat." Hardy said he'd always liked cartoon rats, and that "rat" had been his nickname as a kid at the beach. He wanted something with "a happy feeling to it."
Stoney grumbled that he didn't have a machine working right. Hardy disagreed: "You got a light touch, Stoney." He praised how Stoney blended color in the old-school way and said he'd hardly seen anyone else still doing it. Stoney called it "a souvenir of Stoney's."
The same designs traveled from shop to shop. Earlier in the film, Hardy and Stoney look over his old mermaid flash, and Hardy recognizes it: he'd seen Sailor Jerry's painted version from the early 1940s. Two tattooers from opposite sides of the trade, the carnival road and the art school, talking about the same flash. That's traditional tattooing.
Stoney St. Clair tattoos Ed Hardy, from the documentary Stoney Knows How (Alan Govenar and Bruce "Pacho" Lane, filmed by Les Blank). Via YouTube, docfilm (@ethnoscope).
Stoney Knows How: the book and the film
Stoney's story survives because a college student wandered past his shop one night. Alan Govenar, then studying folklore at Ohio State, saw the signs: "As Ancient as Time, as Modern as Tomorrow" and "Tattooing by the Teacher of the Art since 1928." Stoney chased him off for taking photos without asking, then invited him in when he came back.
Govenar recorded Stoney's life in his own words. The result was the book Stoney Knows How: Life as a Tattoo Artist (University Press of Kentucky, 1981), later expanded as Life as a Sideshow Tattoo Artist by Schiffer with photos and flash. Govenar and Bruce "Pacho" Lane also made a short documentary of the same name, shot by filmmaker Les Blank. It premiered at New York's Film Forum in 1981, and Vincent Canby of The New York Times called Stoney "an ebullient little man with the gift of gab of a circus tout."
Stoney didn't live to see either one. He died in 1980. Govenar says Stoney had one request: that his obituary call him "an actor on the outdoor stage. Not only a tattoo artist."
Why Stoney matters to traditional tattooing
Stoney connects a lot of the people traditional tattooers still talk about: Cap Coleman in Norfolk, Charlie Wagner on the Bowery, the sideshow tattooers of the circus lots, and, through that afternoon in Columbus, Ed Hardy and the Sailor Jerry line.
Vintage American tattoo flash from the same era, artist unknown. Not Stoney’s work. Smithsonian American Art Museum, public domain (CC0). Source: Smithsonian American Art Museum
He also shows what traditional tattooing is at heart: a trade handed down hand to hand, flash copied and redrawn, and tattoos built to last. Near the end of the film he says he hopes someone will look at the daisies over his grave and say he didn't butcher it up. "He carried it on, and handed down anyway."
Someone did. Columbus tattooer Joey Knuckles owns most of Stoney's surviving flash, and he still tattoos the designs.
Joey Knuckles tattooing one of Stoney's designs. Joey owns most of Stoney's surviving flash. Via Instagram, @joeyknucklestattoo.
Joey tells how he ended up with Stoney's flash, and a lot more, in this interview.
Joey Knuckles on Stoney St. Clair, a 44-minute interview. Via YouTube, Tattoos In Review.
Old school tattoos in Fort Lauderdale
Electric Street Tattoo is a traditional American tattoo shop at 320 E Oakland Park Blvd, serving Fort Lauderdale, Oakland Park and Broward County. Like every traditional shop, we work in the same tradition Stoney carried on, and our walls are full of flash from it. Meet our artists.
Walk-ins are welcome. Pick something off the wall, or request a tattoo.
Stoney St. Clair FAQ
Who was Stoney St. Clair?
Leonard "Stoney" St. Clair (1912–1980) was a West Virginia-born circus sword swallower who started tattooing in 1928 and worked the circus and carnival circuit, then shops including Tampa and Columbus, Ohio.
How did Stoney St. Clair learn to tattoo?
In Norfolk, Virginia, Cap Coleman gave him two old machines and some designs after seeing him draw an eagle. He practiced on grapefruits, then on showmen behind the elephant barn.
Did Stoney St. Clair tattoo Ed Hardy?
Yes. The documentary Stoney Knows How shows Stoney tattooing a cartoon "Columbus rat" on Ed Hardy as a souvenir.
Where can I watch Stoney Knows How?
The film streams on Folkstreams, the Criterion Channel and Vimeo On Demand. The Ed Hardy scene is on YouTube.
Where can I get an old school tattoo near Fort Lauderdale?
Electric Street Tattoo, 320 E Oakland Park Blvd. Walk in or request a tattoo.
